نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 57 (پاییز 1393)

Recent years have witnessed accelerated scientific progress in all scientific fields. The scientific advances are the results of scientific researches. But research methods are also experiencing a lot of changes and improvements. The purpose of this research is to give consideration to the qualitative research methods and common paradigms with their qualitative evaluation criteria; because it is believed that the development of quality research will help to develop comprehensive knowledge in the field of humanities. Theoretical and philosophical understanding of qualitative research can encourage humanities scholars to evaluate and use the qualitative methods in order to influence on their performances. This may involve a paradigm shift in thinking for some people. For this purpose, the fundamental principles of two common scientific paradigms namely positivism/post positivism and interpretive paradigm are raised. Then, the relationship of paradigmatic foundations and methodology are presented. Common methodologies in qualitative research, such as, grounded theory, case studies, phenomenology, ethnography and narration are studied. In what follows, data collection methods including individual interviews, focus groups, observation and document analysis are explained. Finally, the strategies of increasing the quality of qualitative research are examined and then compared with the quantity research strategies.

knowledge and research resources are limited and there are many research needs in the societies. The mission of science policy is the allotment of limited resources to unlimited needs in order to make the maximum benefit for society. In this approach, useful knowledge is the knowledge that can provide community benefits and solve the social problems. In this study, we try to use the content analysis and fuzzy delphi techniques to prioritize the most important factors affecting the process of useful Knowledge. However, any great difference does not exist between social, political, cultural and administrative dimensions and indicators of the science and technology, but ethical and social and cultural aspects are more sensitive, should be more concerned. Thus an important set of factors that have affect on useful knowledge are considered; like: The need to use appropriate means to involve stakeholders, the optimal use of facilities, developing of research data base and improving the educational system by Identifying the benefits of science. Therefore, the basic issue of this research is designing a policy making wisely package to guide scientific and knowledge resources, so that all scientific and research efforts focuse on national interests or solve public issues in society.

Development of pharmaceutical industry in each country reflects its capabilities in the field of health care. Considering the progress of pharmaceutical industry and biotechnology in the same line and the role of biopharmaceuticals in the treatment of especial diseases in the societies, investigation of the commercialization process and determination of critical factors which accelerating the entrance the medicines to the market, is very crucial. The aim of this paper is to investigate different aspects of the drug commercialization process. The methodology of this research was based on literature review and deduction of related scientific papers and reports. The result of the research showed that one of the key factors in success of Iranian pharmaceutical companies is familiarity with various methods of funding appropriate to the stage of new medicine development. Likewise, the need for strategic alliances between large pharmaceutical companies and domestic startup biopharmaceutical companies with their foreign counterparts should be considered. Since there is not detailed information about innovations and new products developed by domestic companies, finally, proposed that the Food and Drug Administration of Iran or the Ministry of Health and Medical Education conduct an innovation survey in the pharmaceutical industry of the country.

To identify research methodology and author's typology in the field of scientific collaboration.The study was conducted by using meta-analysis approach and review of previous published research. Considering 40 published papers, show that the main research methodology (80%) was survey. In terms of typology, 60% of articles were published under the supervision of a teacher or expert accompanying by a student. The number of articles was increased in the duration of the study from beginning till the end.

Information and communication technologies, including social webs and the Semantic Web have provided a new perspective on the development of the digital library. This article intends to introduce social semantic digital library as a prospect for digital libraries in Iran. The document/ review method is used to do the research. This study outlines the importance of the Semantic Web in digital library, semantic digital library and social semantic digital library then offers a perspective on social semantic digital libraries in Iran. Findings show that digital libraries are faced with challenges such as retrieval of information and users’ knowledge sharing. So, semantic digital libraries and social semantic digital library will be the next steps in the evolution of current digital libraries. Social semantic digital library will improve the efficiency of digital libraries in the areas of resource management, browsing and searching features, retrieval information, and the users’ knowledge sharing and communicating with other digital libraries.

The conclusion of this paper shows that national contexts and institutional models for establishing the world-class university are very broad. Therefore, each country must choose, from among the various possible pathways, a strategy that relies on its strengths and resources. Furthermore, the transformation of the university system to achieve world-class university cannot take place in isolation. So, a long-term vision plan for creating a world-class university and its implementation should be carefully expressed to achieve this goal, the governments also should help the universities.